Atrial septal defect is an abnormality of the upper chambers of the heart (atria) where the wall between the right and left atria does not close completely. This defect is present at birth (congenital).
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect. In fetal circulation, there is normally an opening between the two atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to allow blood to bypass the lungs. This opening usually closes around the time the baby is born. If the ASD is persistent, blood continues to flow from the left to the right atria. This is called a shunt. Sometimes, blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium (a right to left shunt).
ASD is not very common. When the person has no other congenital defect, symptoms may be absent, particularly in children. Symptoms may begin any time after birth through childhood. Individuals with ASD are at an increased risk for developing a number of complications including:
- Pulmonary overcirculation
- Heart failure
- Atrial fibrillation (in adults)
- Stroke
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Frequent respiratory infections in children
- Difficulty breathing
- Shortness of breath with activity
Note: People with small-to-moderate-sized defects may show no symptoms, or not until middle age or later.
Rarely, there may be a palpable pulsation of the pulmonary artery in the chest. Examination with a stethoscope of the heart usually reveals abnormal heart sounds. There may be a murmur caused by the increased blood flow across the pulmonic valve, and the second heart sound is widely split and fixed. Signs of heart failure can occur in adults.
If the shunt is large, increased blood flow across the tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and ventricle) may be responsible for an additional murmur when the heart relaxes between beats.
Tests that may be performed in the diagnosis of ASD include:
- Chest x-ray
- Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
ASD may not require treatment if there are few or no symptoms, or if the defect is small. Surgical closure of the defect is recommended if the atrial septal defect is large, the heart is enlarged, or symptoms occur.
A relatively new procedure has been developed to close the defect without surgery. The procedure involves the introduction of an ASD closure device (such as the Amplatzer device) into the heart through catheters. A tiny incision is made in the groin to introduce the catheters. They are then advanced into the heart, where the closure devise is placed across the ASD and the defect is closed.
All atrial septal defect patients may not be eligible for this procedure. Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotics should be given prior to dental procedures to reduce the risk of developing infective endocarditis immediately after surgery for the ASD, but they are not required later on.
With a small-to-moderate atrial septal defect, a person may live a normal life span without symptoms. Larger defects may cause disability by middle age because of increased blood flow and shunting of blood back into the pulmonary circulation.
